There are two primary types of heart valve disease: stenosis and regurgitation. Stenosis refers to a narrowing of the valve, restricting blood flow and forcing the heart to work harder to push blood through. Regurgitation, or valve incompetence, occurs when a valve doesn’t fully close, allowing blood to leak backward, which also puts strain on the heart. Both conditions can lead to symptoms like fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and swelling in the legs or abdomen, caused by the heart's increased effort to maintain adequate blood circulation.
Heart valve disease can be either congenital, present from birth, or acquired. Acquired heart valve disease may develop from aging, where valves naturally thicken or weaken over time, or from infections such as rheumatic fever or endocarditis. Autoimmune disorders and cardiovascular diseases, like high blood pressure or heart attacks, also contribute to acquired heart valve issues. According to the American Heart Association, approximately 2.5% of people in the United States have some form of heart valve disease, with risk increasing significantly in those over 65.
Diagnosing heart valve disease requires imaging tests, often including echocardiograms and cardiac MRIs. These tools allow doctors to view valve structure and functionality in real time. In some cases, stress tests and cardiac catheterization may also be used to assess the severity of the disease and its impact on heart function.
Treatment options vary depending on disease severity. For mild cases, lifestyle changes and medications can help control symptoms and prevent progression. Medications such as anticoagulants, beta-blockers, or diuretics may be prescribed to manage blood pressure and reduce strain on the heart. Advanced cases might require surgical interventions like valve repair or replacement. Minimally invasive procedures, including transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), have improved outcomes and recovery times for high-risk patients, allowing more options for those who cannot undergo open-heart surgery.
Early detection and treatment of heart valve disease are essential to maintaining heart health, preventing complications like heart failure or arrhythmias, and improving quality of life.
Understanding Heart Valve Disease: Types, Causes, and Treatment Options
